Tien Than Duc Phat

Moi cau chuyen la mot bai hoc quy bau tu cuoc song.

Bo Jàtaka (Chuyen Tien Than Duc Phat - Kinh Bon Sanh) la bo truyen do so nhat trong kinh tang Pàli. Bo nay gom 6 tap lon, chia thanh 22 chuong, duoc xep theo thu tu tang dan so luong bai ke o cac chuong sau.

Bo Jàtaka duoc ket tap tu thoi Duc Phat tai the, keo dai den vai tram nam sau do, va duoc dua vao kinh Tieu Bo o Hoi dong Ket tap Kinh tang thu Ba thoi vua Asoka (the ky III truoc Tay lich).

Moi chuyen tien than gom 3 phan:

1) Chuyen hien tai: la phan duyen khoi, mot su kien xay ra lien he den Phat, Phap, Tang hay quan chung da lam de tai ban luan cua Tang chung tai chanh phap duong. Nhan do, Duc Phat ke mot chuyen qua khu theo loi yeu cau cua cac vi nay.

2) Chuyen qua khu: la chuyen ve tien than Duc Phat khi Ngai con la Bo tat duoi moi hinh thuc tai sanh, tu thien than, dia tien, nguoi doi cho den thu vat, chim muong... Du o hoan canh nao, Bo tat luon the hien tai nang, tri tue hay duc tinh tot dep phi thuong, do la mam mong cua tri tue vo thuong trong doi cuoi cung cua Ngai truoc khi thanh dao.

3) Phan ket luan: Duc Phat ket hop hai chuyen tren, sau do Ngai thuyet giang Tu thanh de, bon chan ly cao thuong lam nen tang cua Phat phap, khien cho mot so ty kheo hoac gioi tai gia dac dao va qua.

Cuoi cung, Ngai nhan dien tien than, tuc la neu danh tanh trung hop giua cac nhan vat hien tai va qua khu.

Phan lon cac chuyen hien tai la nhung su kien co thuc da xay ra trong thoi Duc Phat tai the hoac vai tram nam sau. Do do, bo chuyen nay duoc xem nhu la nguon tu lieu vo gia doi voi cac nha su hoc va khao co hoc khi muon tim hieu boi canh chinh tri, xa hoi, ton giao, van hoa hay phong tuc tap quan An Do co.

Nhieu luan su hoc gia da xac dinh bo chuyen tien than nay mo dau mot ky nguyen moi trong nen van hoc Phat giao de truyen ba chanh phap rong rai den moi tang lop quan chung, tu tri thuc den binh dan. Vi day la mot kho tang van hoc duoc ket hop hai hoa giua loi Phat day theo truyen thong kinh dien bac hoc voi truyen thong co tich dan gian phong phu da dang rat thinh hanh trong thoi co cua An Do. Nho vay, bo chuyen nay da tro thanh nguon cam hung vo tan cho cac hoat dong sang tac thi ca nhac kich, hoi hoa, dieu khac... tu ngan xua cho den nay.

(Trich Nguyet san Giac Ngo, so 58, 01-2001)

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