Guida all'interpretazione dei raggi x: interpretazione del raggio x: cranio, ossa, addome

X-Ray Interpretation.

chest x ray interpretation

dental x ray interpretation

x-ray interpretation

x-ray interpretation guide

Interpretation of Skull, paranasal sinuses, orbit, chest, abdomen, urogenital tract (pelvis), and musculoskeletal x-rays.

CHEST X-RAY (CXR) INTERPRETATION

Chest x-rays (CXR) are a frequently performed radiological investigation that you’ll be expected to be capable of interpreting (as due to the sheer volume of chest x-rays requested they are often not reported immediately). Therefore before hitting the wards as doctors, it is essential that you develop the ability to interpret chest x-rays, of particular importance, is the ability to recognise findings that require immediate medical attention.

Confirm details

Always begin by checking the following:

Patient details (name / DOB)

Date and time the film was taken

Any previous imaging (useful for comparison)

Assess image quality

Then briefly assess the quality of the image: A mnemonic you may find useful is ‘RIPE’:

Rotation

The medial aspect of each clavicle should be equidistant from the spinous processes

The spinous processes should also be in vertically orientated against the vertebral bodies.

Inspiration

5-6 anterior ribs, the lung apices, both costophrenic angles and lateral rib edges should be visible

Projection

AP vs PA film

Tip- if there is no label, then assume it’s a PA. Also, if the scapulae are not projected within the chest, it’s PA.

Exposure

Left hemidiaphragm visible to the spine and vertebrae visible behind heart

CXR interpretation (ABCDE approach)

Airway

Trachea

Is the trachea significantly deviated?

The trachea is normally located centrally or just slightly off to the right

If the trachea is deviated, look for anything that could be pushing or pulling at the trachea.

Also inspect for any paratracheal masses/lymphadenopathy

Pushing of trachea – e.g. large pleural effusion / tension pneumothorax

Pulling of trachea – e.g. consolidation with lobar collapse

Rotation of the patient can give the appearance of a deviated trachea, so as mentioned above, check the clavicles to rule out rotation as the cause

How to Read a Chest X-ray – A Step By Step Approach

There is no perfect way to read an x-ray. However, the important message I would like to give is, to adopt one or the other approach, and to use the chosen approach consistently.

On all Xrays check the following:

Check patient details

First name, surname, date of birth.

Check orientation, position and side description

Left, right, erect, ap, pa, supine, prone

Check additional information

inspiration, expiration

Check for rotation

measure the distance from the medial end of each clavicle to the spinous process of the vertebra at the same level, which should be equal

Check adequacy of inspiration

Nine pairs of ribs should be seen posteriorly in order to consider a chest x-ray adequate in terms of inspiration

Check penetration

one should barely see the thoracic vertebrae behind the heart

Check exposure

One needs to be able to identify both costophrenic angles and lung apices