Handmade Soap

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In chemistry, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water. In industry they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of some lubricants. Metal soaps are also included in modern artists' oil paints formulations as a rheology edit.

Soaps for cleaning are obtained by treating with a solid base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; Three molecules of fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol.

The alkaline solution, which is often referred to as lye (although the term "lye soap" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide).

In this reaction, the triglyceride fats first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combined with the alkali to form crude soap: an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol. The glycerin, a useful by-product, can remain in the soap product agent, or be isolated for other uses.

Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soap and mineral oil.

Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminum, sodium, and mixtures of them. These soaps are also used to thicken the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil.

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