Biochemistry Handbook Dictiona

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Amino Acid Structure

Interactions

Water

Hydrophobic Interaction

van der Waals Interactions and London Dispersion Forces

Hydrogen Bonds

Secondary Structure

Protein Stability

Favorable (Good) Interactions

Unfavorable (Bad) Interactions

Temperature-Sensitive Mutations

Ligand-Binding Specificity

Global Conclusion

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

General Membrane Function

Membrane Composition

Phospholipid Bilayer

Membrane Structure

Posttranslational Modification

Membrane Fluidity

Diffusion in Membranes

Movement of Ions and Molecules Across Membranes

Transport Across Membranes

The Nernst Equation

DNA Structure

DNA Stability

RNA Secondary Structure

Information Metabolism

Directions and Conventions

DNA Replication

Types of DNA Polymerase

Recombination

Regulation of Information Metabolism

Transcription

Regulation of Transcription

Translation

Use of High-Energy Phosphate Bonds During Translation

Restriction Analysis

Gels and Electrophoresis

Blotting

Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphism

Cloning

Sequencing

Mutagenesis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Active Site

Transition State

Catalysis

Lock and Key

Induced Fit

Nonproductive Binding

Entropy

Strain and Distortion

Transition-State Stabilization

Transition-State Analogs

Chemical Catalysis

S, P, and E (Substrate, Product, Enzyme)

Amounts and Concentrations

Active Site

Assay

Velocity

Initial Velocity

Mechanism

Little k’s

Michaelis-Menten Equation

Vmax

kcat

Km

Special Points

kcat/Km

Rate Accelerations

Steady-State Approximation

Transformations and Graphs

Inhibition

Allosterism and Cooperativity

The Monod-Wyman-Changeaux Model

Signal Transduction Pathways

Organization

Signals

Receptors

Soluble Receptors

Transmembrane Receptors

Enzyme Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Ion-Channel Coupled Receptors

Second Messengers

Amplifiers

Integrators

Inhibitors

Effect of Arsenate

Lactate or Pyruvate

Function

Location

Molecular Features

Fatty Acid Synthesis Function

Fatty Acid Synthesis Location

Fatty Acid Synthesis Connections

Fatty Acid Synthesis Regulation

Fatty Acid Synthesis ATP Costs (for C)

Fatty Acid Synthesis Equation

Elongation and Desaturation

Triglyceride and Phospholipid Synthesis

-Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

-Oxidation of Odd-Chain-Length Fatty Acids

Oxidation and Reduction

The Electron Transport Chain

Connections

Regulation

P/O Ratios

Uncouplers

Inhibitors

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Glucose

Storage Molecules

Metabolic States and Signals

Insulin

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Secondary Signals

Generalities of Metabolism

Phosphorylation

Glycogen

Metabolic Movements of Glycogen

Fat

Metabolic Movements of Fat

Protein

Metabolic Movements of Protein

Tissue Cooperation

Liver

Muscle

Adipose

Brain

Connection of Storage Pools

Feeding

Fasting

Starvation

Excitement

Interorgan Cycles

Cori Cycle

Alanine Cycle

Ketone Bodies

Urea Cycle

Purine Synthesis

Purine Salvage

Deoxynucleotides

Purine Degradation

Pyrimidine Synthesis

Pyrimidine Salvage

Pyrimidine Degradation

One-Carbon Metabolism

Oxidation States of Carbon

Glucose to Pyruvate

TCA Cycle

Proton: H or HO

Acid

Base

Not All Acids and Bases Are Created Equal

Weak Acids Make Strong Bases (and Vice Versa)

Who Gets the Proton?

Don’t Forget Stoichiometry

Buffers

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Titration Curves

pI—Isoelectric Point

The Bicarbonate Buffer

Imbalance in Blood pH

Acidosis and Alkalosis